Signs of autoimmune disease

The immune system protects your child's body from outside invaders. These include germs such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and toxins (chemicals made by microbes). The immune system is made up of different organs, cells, and proteins that work together.

Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases and their field are associated with the framework of the immune system, where they occur as a result of dysfunction in the function of the immune system.

There are approximately 80 known autoimmune diseases, While there are a large number of other diseases suspected of having an autoimmune background

In part of these diseases damage and self-attack is caused by Autoantibodies and in other parts damage is caused by immune cells.

Autoimmune diseases also increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, lung disease and cancer, regular follow-up with health care provider and specialists where appropriate will prevent complications from developing.

Who is at risk of autoimmune disease?

Some risk factors for autoimmune diseases include women (about 80% in women), genetics (other family members are more likely to develop autoimmune diseases), previous diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and others, some types of infection (, group bacteria infection), obesity, smoking and exposure to toxins (air pollutants, organic solvents).

How can autoimmune affect everyday life?

Autoimmune diseases can affect the quality of health, pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and fever can cause a person to feel dehydrated, unable to work and pursue daily activities. Irreversible damage to organs such as joints, kidneys and the brain can leave the person paralysed and on dialysis.

A scientific study published in National Library Medicine showed that In recent years, the treatment of autoimmune diseases has benefited from new drugs, some of which are promising. However, the therapeutic choices and treatment objectives vary from one autoimmune disease to another. The drug progress was mainly obtained in vasculitis. In the course of lupus, despite many drugs targeting specific pathogenic mechanisms, few drugs stand out as a major contributor to the management of this disease. Therapeutic innovations are very different in systemic scleroderma. There is still no effective background drug but symptomatic treatments are multiplying and are partially effective. The only background treatment that seems to bring a benefit in scleroderma today is autologous stem cell transplantation.

The management of autoimmune and systemic diseases has improved over the past decades due to the optimal handling of available drugs and therapeutic strategies, a better understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms and recently of the development of targeted drugs, commonly called biotherapies, whose specific impact on one or more mechanisms of the disease has an effect on the symptoms of the disease.

The diseases that have benefited most from the targeted therapies are rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies and vasculitis associated with ANCA. Conversely, despite well-known mechanisms and available drugs, some systemic diseases do not or do not respond well to new drugs and new therapeutic strategies. Here we will discuss new therapeutic approaches through some examples of systemic diseases. This article does not therefore intend to cover all the therapeutic innovations in autoimmune and systemic diseases but on the contrary to take examples illustrating the future of these diseases and to identify perspectives. We will address successively innovations concerning systemic scleroderma, systemic lupus and vasculitis.

The scientific study was produced to Many innovations and undeniable therapeutic advances have been achieved in recent years. However, these advances are not of the same nature and vary from one autoimmune disease to another. Many advances have been made in necrotizing and giant cell vasculitis, while the effectiveness of innovations is less brilliant in systemic lupus. In systemic scleroderma, drug innovations are still marginal but innovative non-medicinal therapies seem promising.

In another scientific study published in (La Revue de Médecine Interne) titled by Autoimmune diseases and cancers is interested in the satellite autoimmune manifestations of a tumor pathology, which may reveal it, enamell the evolutionary course or complicate its treatment. The occurrence of autoimmune pathologies is classic during lymphoproliferative syndromes. The manifestations observed are varied but it is mainly cytopenia, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, most often during chronic lymphoid leukemia. The relationship between cancer and inflammatory myopathy is not disputed. The relative risk of cancer during dermatomyositis is 3.4 to 4.4. The optimal strategy to be adopted for the search for occult cancer is not defined but the search for anti-p155 antibodies and the realization of a PET-scanner seem to be particularly interesting in this indication. A table of cutaneous or systemic vasculitis may reveal tumor pathology. It is most often a haematopathy (tricholeucocyte leukemia) but sometimes a vsolid cancer (lung cancer or digestive cancer in particular). High age and corticosteroids should be a warning factor. Polyarthritis clinically comparable to joint involvement of rheumatoid arthritis can reveal cancer, most often bronchial. Polyarthritis is most often HIV-negative, in an elderly male subject and in a context of impairment of the general condition. Myelodysplastic syndromes are accompanied by autoimmune manifestations in 10 to 30% of cases. It is most often a vasculitis or atrophiing polychondritis. As for the autoimmune complications of anti-tumour treatments, these are primarily autoimmune cytopenias related to fludarabine and alemtuzumab and thyroiditis related to interferon alpha and cervical radiotherapy.

In the face of certain autoimmune diseases, the search for an underlying tumor pathology is imperative, as the association seems obvious epidemiologically. Some presentations are warning signs that should prompt the search for associated neoplasia. Table 1 summarizes the main associations of cancer and autoimmune diseases

autoimmune diseases	Most common underlying neoplasia
Haematological manifestations
AHAI/PTAI	LLC, LTAI, LNH
Autoimmune neutropenia	LGL

dermatological manifestations
Paraneoplastic	LNH, LLC
Bradikyniqu angiedema	LNH, GMSI

neurological manifestations
Anti-MAG Antibody Neuropathy	GMSI, IgM, maladie de Waldenström
CANOMAD syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome	Maladie de Hodgkin
myasthenia	Maladie de Hodgkin, LNH

Manifestations musculaires
polymyositis	Maladie de Hodgkin, carcinome (poumon, vessie)
dermatomyositis	Adénocarcinome (ovaire surtout), LNH
Autoimmune necrotizing myositis	Adénocarcinome

vasculitis
rheumatoid purpura		Tricholeucocyte leukemia, MDS, NHL, adenocarcinomas
	Rheumatological manifestations
rheumatoid arthritis	Adénocarcinome bronchique
relapsing polychondritis	SMD, lymphomes, leucémies aiguës

Symptoms of autoimmune disease

Early symptoms are similar to many autoimmune diseases, such as:

Tired.
Painful muscles.
Swelling and redness.
Low fever.
Difficulty concentrating.
Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
Hair loss.
Rash.

Individual diseases can also have their own unique symptoms. For example, type 1 diabetes causes extreme thirst, weight loss, fatigue, and colitis causes abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhoea.

With autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis symptoms may appear and disappear from time to time.